Cloning

What is Cloning?

1. Who is Dolly?

~Dolly is the sheep that was cloned from a female sheep in 1997

2. When a zygote divides into to separate cells, it is called:

~a two-celled embryo

3. Somatic cells are also called

~Somatic cells are often referred to as SCNT

4. In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into a

~petri dish

5. In order to create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell must have its nucleus removed.



Click and Clone

6. List all the materials needed to clone a mouse.

~ Mimi (Mouse that will be cloned-brown)

~ Megdo (Egg cell donor- Black

~Momi (surrogate mother to grow mimi clone-white)

~Microscope

~Petri Dishes

~Sharp Pipette

~Blunt Pipette

~Chemical to stimulate cell division

7. Place the following steps in the correct order.

4-Stimulate cell division
6-Deliver baby
2-Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
1- Isolate donor cells from egg donor and germ cell donor
3- Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
5- Implant embryo into a surrogate mother

8. There are two time gaps in the process of cloning. What are they? (ie. what do you have to wait for?)

~We are waiting for the new DNA and the egg cell to adjust to eachother

9. What color with the cloned mouse be?

~Brown because the genes in the cloned mouse is from a brown mouse

What is the name of this mouse?

~Mini-Mimi

Why Clone?

10. Why is cloning extinct animals problematic?

~It could be problematic because, like in jurassic park, the clones are smarter and fiercer than expected. Also, there could be new diseases that the dinosaurs cannot handle.

11. What are some reasons a person might want to clone a human?

~People might want to clone a human to help infertile couples have children, or to replace a diseased child.

The Clone Zone

12. What animal was cloned in 1885?

~Sea Urchins

13. How did Spemann separate the two cells of the embryo of a salamander in 1902?

~ He fashioned a tiny noose from a strand of hair from a bay and tightened it between two cells of a salamander embryos using this method.

14. The process of removing a nucleus is called

~enucleation

15. In 1952, the nucleus of a Tadpole embryo cell was placed into a donor cell. Did it work to clone the animal?

~Yes, but the few tadpoles that did survive grew abnormalities

16. Can the nucleus of an adult cell be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone?

~Yes, they can

17. Why are mammals hard to clone?

~Mammals often form differently depending on their environment.

18. What were the names of the first two cloned cows?

~Fusion and Copy

19. In what year was the National Bioethics Advisory Council formed?

~1995

20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell?

~Tadpoles

21. What do scientists do to adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos?

~They reboot the cells

22. Transgenic, cloned sheep were used to produce what medical protein?

~Factor IX can be used to treat people with hemophilia, a disorder that disables the ability to stop bleeding.

23. What is a stem cell?

~A Stem cells is an undifferentiated cell that can produce daughter cells

Cloning Myths

24. Briefly describe in your own words, why CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone

~CC was different in color because on the X chromosome in cats, a gene that determines the color of the cat resides on this chromosome. Both cats, CC and Rainbow, have two X chromosomes, being females. so if the Chromosomes are the same in both cats, they must look the same. But early in development, both of Rainbows cells turned off. Therefore, turned off either the black or orange color gene. So then, Rainbow developed as a "mosaic of cells" that had one or the other gene activated. So some parts of her were orange, some white, and some black. CC has an activated Black gene, but the orange gene is inactivated, making her look different than Rainbow.

25. What is "nature vs nurture"?
~ Nature vs nurture means that genetics help determine traits, but the outside environment determines personality and physical appearance.




Is it Cloning or Not?

26. For each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning)

~No~ Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
~Yes~ A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into indivudal cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
~No~ A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
~No~ In vitro fertilization
~Yes~ Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.



27. Define or describe each of the following processes (you may need to reset the Cloning or Not Screen)

In vitro fertilization

~It is the process of putting already fertilized eggs into a females uterus because she may have trouble getting pregnant herself, or she cannot get pregnant all together.

Embryo splitting

~Embryo splitting is when you have multiple eggs that form one embryo. This is what makes twins.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

~A certain amount of eggs are removed from a female, and their nuclei is removed and discarded. Another female's nuclei are then inserted into the eggs, therefore the eggs are allowed to multiply into embryos, then they are implanted into another female to be carried into maturity.

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer

~It is to take multiple egg cells from a mother, which creates that amount of embryos, which are then implanted into a different female that does not have the desired traits.

Artificial Insemination

~Sperm from one male is implanted into different females, therefore making every embryo unique.

What Are the Risks of Cloning?

~The animal that you may be cloning, especially if it is extinct, might not be able to survive in the conditions we have on Earth. They might also have increased violent behavior that expected. Diseases may also decrease the safeness of cloning an animal or organism.

28. What is one reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate?
~the enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible


29. What is a telomere and how does it affect cloned animals?





What Are Some Issues in Cloning?

30. Pick one of the questions to ponder and ....ponder it. Write a brief essay on your thoughts and opinions.

Harvest Of Fear

Should we Grow GM Crops?


1. What is a GM Crop?
-A GM crop are genetically modified foods that improves agriculture, has many health benefits, but also is harmful to the human body in some ways such as triggering allergies, etc.



2. List 2 arguments FOR the growing of GM crops
-GM crops should be grown because it help underdeveloped countries have the out of food that they need. It also increases the amount of vitamin A in children, which is good, considering that 500,000 kids die fro lack of vitamin A each year.



3. List 2 arguments AGAINST the growing of GM crops.
-GM crops should not be grown because they are too expensive for developing countries. Developed countries such as the U.S., are growing more GM crops because we have enough money to buy it, but other countries do not. Therefore, widening the gap between rich and poor. Another reason not to grow GM crops is because it harms the environment by getting the GM pollen onto monarch larvae, causing only about half to survive.



Engineer a Crop

4. Practice this simulation until you get the largest ears of corn. How many times did it take you?
- It took me four times to get the largest ears of corn.

What’s for Dinner?


5. List two foods and desribe how they are being modified.
- Potatoes are engineered to absorb less oil when fried, making them better for humans to eat. Rennet, a a dried extract used to curdle ,I'll for cheese, is being edified to speed up the cheese making process.




Viewpoints


Do you think food should be labeled if it has been genetically modified? Why or Why not?
- I think genetically edified food should be need because you never know what viewpoints other people have on genetically modified foods. For example, if one person loves to eat genetically modified foods, it wouldn't after if it is labeled or not. But if they are completely against GM crops,they will want to have them labeled. It all depends.

Epigenetics and the Environment

IDENTICAL TWINS: PINPOINTING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON THE

EPIGENOME

1 and 2- Identical twins are exactly the same when they are first fertilized, with the exact same genomes. Because they will most likely have the same home environment early in life, there will not be much of a change with their physical appearence. Diet, toxins, exercize, and other environmental factors play a part in the changing epigenome. As life goes on, outside choices influence the shape of each twin's epigenome, and impact their physical appearence.

3- An imprinted gene are genes whose expression is determined by the parents who contributed to the fertilization of the egg.

YOUR ENVIRONMENT, YOUR EPIGENOME

1- Factors that could be effecting my epigenome could be diet, stress involving family life, school, etc., being exposed to toxins such as second-hand smoke. Others could be excersize, and more.

LICK YOUR RATS

1- A high nurturing mother will lick their rat pups more often then a low nurturing mother. The pups respond to the licks in a strange manner. Their GR gene begins to become more and more active. By doing this, is changes the way the pups respond to stress. If they have an active GR gene, they will get over stress more easily than an inactive GR gene.

2- Licking by the mother will activate the pups GR gene.

3- During the "Flight of Flight" responce, the hormone cortisol is released into the blood stream of the rat. The cortisol responds the the GR protein causing the cells to send out calming signals. Rats who have a lot of GR protein relax quickly after stress.

4- The nurtured and un-nurtured rats can relate to humans and their interactions with others because if a young human grows up in an unloving family life, they will most likely treat their offspring the same way. Because that is how they were raised, they do not know any other way. If their parents make bad choices and influence drugs and other toxins, they will most likely grow up smoking, of using another type of toxin.

NUTRITION & THE EPIGENOME

1- Diets high in folic acid, B vitamins and SAM-e nutrients can change gene expression, especially during early stages of development when the epigenome is first being established.

2- A mother's diet during pregnancy can change critical things about the offspings epigenome that can last into adulthood. The father's diet and whether is effects the offspring as well is being debated. However, in a small Swedish community, studies have shown that the food sortages or alot of food for the paternal grandfather can effects the lifespans of his grandchilren.

EPIGENETICS & THE HUMAN BRAIN

1-The food we eat effects gene expression by

2- The diets of parents effect the pffspings genome becasue

DNA Fingerprinting

1. DNA is different for everyone, except for an identical twin.

2. DNA fingerprints are used for solving crimes, and clearing someone's name.

3. The crime that was committed is that one of Jimmy's seven sisters licks his rise possession;his lollipop.

4. Saliva was tested to get the DNA fingerprint.

5. A restriction enzyme cuts long DNA molecules at different locations.

6. Algarsoe gel is a think jello-like substance.

7. Electropherisis is the process fo moving molecules with an electric current.

8. Smaller fragments of DNA move more quickly than larger fragments.

9. You need to place a nylon membrane over the gel because it makes the gel easier to work with.

10. Probes attach themselves to the DNA fragments.

11. The chemical that is radioactive is the probes.

12.

13. Based on the DNA fingerprint, Honey licked the lollipop.

14.

Mitosis

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes happens in the prophase step. To get the cremation to condense the nucleolus has to fade.
Chromosomes align in center of cell happens in the metaphase step. To get the chromosomes to align, tension is applied by the spindle fibers.
The longest part of the cell cycle is the interphase. The reason it is so long is because DNA replicates, centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced.
Nuclear envelope breaks down in the pro metaphase. When this happens, there is no longer a visible nucleus.
Cell is cleaved into two new daughter cells in the cytokinesis stage. Microtobules then reorganize themselves into a new cytoskeleton.
Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles in the telophase. The spindle fibers have pulled them apart.

Four chromosomes are visible at the beginning of mitosis.

There are going to be eight chromosomes in each daughter cell at the end of mitosis.

The little green T shaped things on the cell are Centrioles.

During mitosis, the centrioles are no longer together in one cell. One of each go into the daughter cells.

The first stage is metaphase. The second stage is cytokinesis. The third stage is prophase.

View the animation and sketch the cell in:
Prophase

In the prophase stage, the cell(s) enlarges, and the chromosomes and centrioles replicate. It looks like a normal cell but with two centrioles, and two chromosomes. It does enlarge, too, but it is hard to notice.

Metaphase
In the metaphase stage, the chromosomes condense into much smaller x-like forms. The nucleolus dissolves, and spindle treads form. The centrioles, which are now duplicated, move to opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase
In the telophase stage, the chromosomes move to different sides of the cell, and they relax into their original forms. The spindle fibers dissolve, and the cell is pinched in two. Mitosis then stars over.

Interphase	Prophase	Metaphase	Anaphase	Telophase	Total
Number of cells	10 Cells	3 Cells	2 Cells	1 Cell	16	36
Percent of cells (calculate: number of cells divided by total cells x 100 )	62.5%	18.9%	12.5%	6.3%	33.3% of all cells (36)	100 %

Mitosis in Whitefish & Onion Roots

	View 1	View 2	View 3	View 4	View 5
Whitefish	Telophase	Metaphase	Prophase	Metaphase
Onion	Metaphase	Metaphase	Prophase	Prophase	Telophase